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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">另一个包管理工具——DNF</h1>
        

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<p>更新（2017-06-01）：repo 的 url 有变化，更新之。后附更新脚本。</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<p><a href="http://rpm-software-management.github.io/dnf/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DNF</a> 起源于 YUM 的一个分支，最早用在 <a href="https://fedoraproject.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fedora</a> 18，在 Fedora 22 中默认安装，成为系统工具。<a href="http://www.tecmint.com/dnf-next-generation-package-management-utility-for-linux/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">现在更是被广泛看作 YUM 的接班人。</a>虽然 DNF 号称自己不错，但是幸好，至少从目前来看，都可以看做是对 YUM 的小修补。整体来说，DNF 对 YUM 的兼容做得很好，甚至于部分操作可以 <code>yum</code> 和 <code>dnf</code> 混合着来——当然，新旧掺杂绝对不是好习惯，我就这么一说，证明 YUM 和 DNF 的关联之亲近。用惯了 YUM 的朋友们一定不会抗拒换到 DNF，它们的<a href="https://linuxstory.org/dnf-commands-for-fedora-rpm-package-management/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">用法非常相似</a>，而且 DNF 的更有现代语言风格。</p>
<p>我常用的系统是 <a href="https://www.centos.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CentOS</a>，虽然已经被 RedHat 收购，但是 CentOS 的品质和定位都没有变，这很难得。最新（截至 2016-10-16）的 CentOS 是 7.2.1511。下面的步骤在 CentOS 上尝试，对 Fedora/RHEL 理论上同样适用。Fedora 上应该还更加简单，下面的问题好多都不会遇到。</p>
<p>闲话不说，安装步骤如下。</p>
<h3><span id="一-手动安装全新的-yum-repo">一、手动安装全新的 yum repo</span></h3><p>新增一个 repo，从这个 repo 中用 <code>yum</code> 安装 DNF。这是因为 CentOS Base repo 中的 DNF 版本太低，只有 0.6.x，而最新的稳定版已经到 1.1.9。0.6.x 中的 libsolv 太低，<a href="https://gist.github.com/makeittotop/d83f53c5354f0e12fdc3cc394af9d1c5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">导致不能处理 <code>.bz2</code> 压缩包</a>，所以只能采用<a href="http://dnf.baseurl.org/2016/07/01/fresh-dnf-for-rhel-7-and-centos-7/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">引入新 repo</a> 来安装 DNF 的办法。</p>
<strike><br><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cat &lt;&lt;EOF &gt; /etc/yum.repos.d/dnf-stack-el7.repo</span><br><span class="line">[dnf-stack-el7]</span><br><span class="line">name=Copr repo <span class="keyword">for</span> dnf-stack-el7 owned by @rpm-software-management</span><br><span class="line">baseurl=https://copr-be.cloud.fedoraproject.org/results/@rpm-software-management/dnf-stack-el7/epel-7-\<span class="variable">$basearch</span>/</span><br><span class="line">skip_if_unavailable=True</span><br><span class="line">gpgcheck=1</span><br><span class="line">gpgkey=https://copr-be.cloud.fedoraproject.org/results/@rpm-software-management/dnf-stack-el7/pubkey.gpg</span><br><span class="line">enabled=1</span><br><span class="line">enabled_metadata=1</span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><br><br></strike>

<blockquote>
<p>Update (2017-06-03):<br>因为 rpm-software-management 提供的 repo 变更了 url，因此上述脚本也做了相应更新。如下。</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cat &lt;&lt;EOF &gt; /etc/yum.repos.d/dnf-stack-el7.repo</span><br><span class="line">[dnf-stack-el7]</span><br><span class="line">name=Copr repo <span class="keyword">for</span> dnf-stack-el7 owned by @rpm-software-management</span><br><span class="line">baseurl=https://copr-be.cloud.fedoraproject.org/results/@rpm-software-management/dnf-centos/epel-7-\<span class="variable">$basearch</span>/</span><br><span class="line">skip_if_unavailable=True</span><br><span class="line">gpgcheck=1</span><br><span class="line">gpgkey=https://copr-be.cloud.fedoraproject.org/results/@rpm-software-management/dnf-centos/pubkey.gpg</span><br><span class="line">enabled=1</span><br><span class="line">enabled_metadata=1</span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>对于已经用旧的脚本安装过 dnf repo 的系统，可以使用下面的命令 fix。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[[ -f /etc/yum.repos.d/dnf-stack-el7.repo ]] &amp;&amp; \</span><br><span class="line">  sed -i <span class="string">'s@/dnf-stack-el7/@/dnf-centos/@g'</span> /etc/yum.repos.d/dnf-stack-el7.repo</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3><span id="二-安装-dnf">二、安装 DNF</span></h3><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum install dnf dnf-conf dnf-automatic</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3><span id="三-验证及状态检查">三、验证及状态检查</span></h3><p>安装完成后检查 DNF 的版本（如果报错，请看下一节）。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dnf --version</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>截至现在（2016-10-16），通过 <code>yum</code> 安装的 DNF 最新的版本号是 <code>1.1.9</code>，也就是说，你安装的 DNF 不应该低于这个版本号，才是对了。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dnf repolist all</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这可以查看当前 DNF 用到那些软件库的资源。按照使用 YUM 的习惯，最重要的无非 Base、EPEL、Updates 这三个。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dnf list installed</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>查看已经安装的应用。<br>PS：从第三列很容易看出，以前通过 YUM 安装的应用，都被划为 <code>@System</code>，即系统模块类别。这应该是为了能从 YUM 平滑过渡的一个折衷办法。</p>
<h3><span id="四-部分问题的解决更新中">四、部分问题的解决（更新中）</span></h3><h4><span id="1-failed-to-open-updateinfoxmlbz2错误">1. 『Failed to open: …..updateinfo.xml.bz2』错误</span></h4><p>这是由于<a href="http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/250249/error-after-installing-dnf-on-centos-7#answer-273487" target="_blank" rel="noopener">低版本的 libsolv 库无法处理 bzip 压缩包形式的依赖关系造成的</a>，解决的办法不是升级 libsolv 库，貌似库文件一起被封装成 python package，做到 rpm 里面了。所以正确的方法是，按照上面的步骤一、二重新安装 dnf。重新安装之前，必要的话应该删除旧的 DNF 及其依赖。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum erase dnf dnf-conf dnf-automatic python-dnf &amp;&amp; \</span><br><span class="line">yum install dnf dnf-conf dnf-automatic</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># python-dnf 会作为 dnf 的依赖自动被安装</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4><span id="2-dnf-无法使用-epel-库">2. DNF 无法使用 epel 库</span></h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum erase -y epel-release &amp;&amp; dnf install -y epel-release</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>通俗来讲就是让 DNF 来维护索引。</p>
<h4><span id="3-no-such-command-xxx-please-use-usrbindnf-help">3. 『No such command: xxx. Please use /usr/bin/dnf –help』</span></h4><p>通常遇到这种情况，是没有安装 DNF 扩展导致的。用下面的命令安装上 DNF 扩展之后，问题就能顺利解决。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">dnf install -y dnf-plugins-core</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

      
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              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#undefined"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">一、手动安装全新的 yum repo</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#undefined"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">二、安装 DNF</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#undefined"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">三、验证及状态检查</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#undefined"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">四、部分问题的解决（更新中）</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#undefined"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">1. 『Failed to open: …..updateinfo.xml.bz2』错误</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#undefined"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">2. DNF 无法使用 epel 库</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#undefined"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">3. 『No such command: xxx. Please use /usr/bin/dnf –help』</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
            

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